Hyaluronic acid is a disaccharide glycosaminoglycan composed of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. Hyaluronic acid is a moisturizer found in many parts of the body, including the skin, eyes, and synovial fluid in the joints. With its unique molecular structure and physicochemical properties, hyaluronic acid shows a variety of important physiological functions in lubricating joints, regulating the permeability of blood vessel walls, regulating the diffusion and transportation of proteins, water and electrolytes, and promoting wound healing. Therefore, it is widely used in medicine and cosmetics.
molecular formula: (C14H21NO11)n
Application of hyaluronic acid
orthopaedics
Hyaluronic acid is naturally found in synovial fluid, joint capsule, and articular cartilage, acting as a lubricant to protect bone ends. When initially synthesized, hyaluronic acid is mainly composed of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid polymers between 2×105~2×106 Da. In osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, the molecular weight of hyaluronic acid decreases, resulting in a decrease in viscoelasticity and increasing damage the articular surface. Supplementation with high molecular weight hyaluronic acid helps to increase lubrication and reduce pain. Besides its lubricating effect, high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid can also reduce the chemotaxis and migration of inflammatory cells and improve the inflammatory response. In addition, hyaluronic acid can inhibit the apoptosis of chondrocytes and stimulate the synthesis of proteoglycans, which is conducive to the repair of bones and joints.
ophthalmology
Hyaluronic acid has a variety of applications in ophthalmology. Due to its viscoelastic properties, it is often used as a "lubricant" and is a major ingredient in artificial tear formulations for the relief of dry eyes. It reduces irritation, moisturizes the eyes, and replenishes the deficiency of sodium hyaluronate in the tear film. In terms of surgery, hyaluronic acid can be used as a viscoelastic agent for ophthalmic intraocular lens implantation, corneal transplantation and other surgeries to reduce the damage to the cornea and prevent the occurrence of postoperative inflammation.
Cosmetology
Skincare: Hyaluronic acid is a normal structure that exists in every human body, but with aging, its structure becomes loose, gradually absorbed, and gradually decreases, resulting in a change in skin tone. Gels, creams, and serums containing hyaluronic acid fight wrinkles and aging. Hyaluronic acid helps soft tissue growth, prompting the body to produce more collagen and elastin, keeping the skin moisturized, enhancing elasticity, and reducing scarring.
Filling: Sodium hyaluronate is currently the most commonly used cosmetic filler. Its function is to fill and plump the extracellular tissue space. Dermal fillers have two effects, the first is because it absorbs water and can be used to fill in small superficial wrinkles and make the subcutaneous tissue more elastic. The second is because the hyaluronic acid itself has a certain volumetric effect, which can fill the hollows, such as rhinoplasty, nasolabial fold filling, breast augmentation and butt implant.
Hair care: Hyaluronic acid can also be used as an ingredient in hair care products, such as hair oils, shampoos, conditioners, and hairsprays. Hyaluronic acid acts as a moisturizer that can help hair retain moisture, reduce frizz, and help rejuvenate hair.
surgery
Hyaluronic acid has the effect of promoting cell regeneration and tissue repair, helping to speed up the wound healing process.
Hyaluronic acid can effectively reduce the incidence and severity of adhesions after surgery. Hyaluronic acid has high viscosity, viscoelasticity, and water-holding capacity, so it can be used as a lubricant. In addition, hyaluronic acid is biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic, making it a very suitable barrier agent.
Skin permeability of hyaluronic acid with various molecular weights. ( Bravo B, et al,2022)
Illustration of HA main roles in the wound healing process. (Graça MFP, et al, 2020)
Important roles of HA and its receptors. RHAMM, CD44 and ICAM-1 acts with HA with a specific function related to cell-tissue mechanics. (Shyam Vasvani, et al, 2020)
References
Bravo B, Correia P, Gonçalves Junior JE, Sant'Anna B, Kerob D. Benefits of topical hyaluronic acid for skin quality and signs of skin aging: From literature review to clinical evidence. Dermatologic Therapy. 2022; 35(12):e15903.
Marinho A, Nunes C, Reis S. Hyaluronic Acid: A Key Ingredient in the Therapy of Inflammation. Biomolecules. 2021 Oct 15;11(10):1518. doi: 10.3390/biom11101518. PMID: 34680150; PMCID: PMC8533685.
Salwowska NM, Bebenek KA, Żądło DA, Wcisło-Dziadecka DL. Physiochemical properties and application of hyaluronic acid: a systematic review. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2016 Dec;15(4):520-526.
Zhang Y, Liu Q, Yang N, Zhang X. Hyaluronic acid and oxidized regenerated cellulose prevent adhesion reformation after adhesiolysis in rat models. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2016 Oct 25;10:3501-3507.
Neuman MG, Nanau RM, Oruña-Sanchez L, Coto G. Hyaluronic acid and wound healing. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2015;18(1):53-60.
CAI Tongkai, LIU Mouzhi, DENG Jie, CAO Yongbing, YAN Lan, Research progress on action mechanism and clinical application of hyaluronic acid. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice,Vol. 40,No. 2,March 25,2022
Graça MFP, Miguel SP, Cabral CSD, Correia IJ. Hyaluronic acid-Based wound dressings: A review. Carbohydr Polym. 2020 Aug 1;241:116364.
Pereira H, Sousa DA, Cunha A, Andrade R, Espregueira-Mendes J, Oliveira JM, Reis RL. Hyaluronic Acid. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2018;1059:137-153.
Kim JE, Sykes JM. Hyaluronic acid fillers: history and overview. Facial Plast Surg. 2011 Dec;27(6):523-8.
Murthy R, Roos JCP, Goldberg RA. Periocular hyaluronic acid fillers: applications, implications, complications. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2019 Sep;30(5):395-400.
Keen MA. Hyaluronic Acid in Dermatology. Skinmed. 2017 Dec 1;15(6):441-448
Vasvani S, Kulkarni P, Rawtani D. Hyaluronic acid: A review on its biology, aspects of drug delivery, route of administrations and a special emphasis on its approved marketed products and recent clinical studies. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020 May 15;151:1012-1029.
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